Abstract The current study aimed to assess broccoli's phytochemical profile and determine its antioxidant activity. Fresh broccoli was procured from a local farm and divided into two major treatment groups (cooked and dried). There were five sub-treatments in the cooking group (conventional, microwave, boiling, blanching, and steaming) and three treatments in the drying group (sun drying, freeze drying, and hot air drying). Ascorbic acid content, total carotenoids, TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity were evaluated for every sub-treatment. The results depicted that the antioxidant constituent of cooked broccoli was complementary to dried broccoli samples. The maximum amount of ascorbic acid content (10.80 mg/100 g), total carotenoids (3.976 mg/g), total phenolic contents (225.80 mg/g), and the total flavonoid contents (42.92 mg/g) were found in freeze-dried broccoli. Freeze-dried broccoli also showed the highest antioxidant activity for DPPH free radical scavenging assay (62.45%), hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assay (53.67%), and ABTS radical scavenging assay (65.84%).

Abstract Nanoemulsions are nanoscale self-assembled entities which are manufactured for improving the delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Nanoemulsion technology is one of the best ways to encapsulate the functional components as it enhances the stability and bioavailability of the compound. In the present study, nanoemulsions were prepared by ultrasonic homogenization of dispersed phase (10-22%) and surfactants (3-9%) with vitamin A (0.25-2.5%). Nanoemulsions were characterized through various optical techniques and stability was assessed using thermal shock and freeze-thaw cycle. The results revealed that nanoemulsions with high percentage of surfactants were more stable and retained smaller particle size as compared to nanoemulsions with low surfactants percentage and high dispersed phase, contributed to phase separation and colour change. These emulsions can be further tested for any toxic/allergic effect on the biological model and may be incorporated into food products.

RESUMO A disseminação mundial de geminivírus e seu vetor tem sido atribuída à alta taxa de recombinação, mutação, presença de hospedeiros alternativos, transporte de material vegetal, atividade humana e o comércio globalizado, novas práticas agrícolas e mudanças climáticas. Portanto, as doenças virais mais graves cresceram em quase todas as culturas e regiões do mundo, por exemplo as doenças virais da mandioca na África, doença do enrolamento da folha do algodão no Paquistão e várias doenças em tomateiros, legumes e cucurbitáceas na Índia e em outras partes do mundo. O begomovírus é o principal gênero de Geminiviridae que tem apresentado aumento mundial em suas variações e distribuição afetando plantas anteriormente não afetadas. A população mundial crescente aumentou a demanda por uma agricultura sustentável, mas os begomovírus tornaram-se uma constante ameaça à agricultura mundial. Numerosas estratégias de controle têm sido usadas para este vírus em várias partes do mundo, mas os begomovírus superam continuamente os métodos de controle. A presente revisão resume todas as estratégias utilisadas contra begomovírus e fornece uma comparação abrangente entre os métodos de controle, suas desvantagens e futuras percepções. recombinação mutação alternativos vegetal globalizado climáticas Portanto mundo África tomateiros afetadas sustentável tornaramse tornaram se percepções

ABSTRACT The worldwide spread of Geminiviruses and its vector has been attributed to the high rate of recombination, mutation, presence of alternate hosts, transport of plant material, global human activity along with global trade, new agricultural practices and climate change; therefore, the most severe viral diseases among crops have grown in almost all regions of the world, including cassava viral diseases in Africa, cotton leaf curl disease in Pakistan, and multiple diseases related to tomatoes, legumes and cucurbits in India and all over the world. Begomovirus is the major and largest genus of Geminiviridae which has shown a worldwide increase in its variations and distribution by affecting previously unaffected plants. The increasing population has augmented the demand for a sustainable agriculture boost, but begomoviruses have become a continual threat to the world’s agriculture. Numerous control strategies have been used for the viral invasion of the world as pathogens but begomoviruses continually overcome the control methods, and this has generated a need to end this competition between researchers and begomoviruses. The present review summarizes all strategies used against begomoviruses and provides a comprehensive comparison among all control methods, their drawbacks, and future insights. recombination mutation hosts material trade change therefore Africa Pakistan tomatoes plants boost worlds s methods drawbacks insights

The films of chitosan (CS)-silane crosslinked-poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with different weight % were prepared. The effect on conductivity of CS/PVA blended films due to change in the concentration of PVA and temperature was investigated by impedance spectroscopy and showed good conductance properties. The complex impedance plots revealed single semicircular arcs indicating the bulk contribution to overall electrical behavior of all synthesized samples. The ac conductivity obeyed the Jonscher's power law for all samples in the frequency range of 2 kHz to 2 MHz. The ionic conductivity of the films was increased with the increase in temperature for all synthesized samples which showed an increase in the number of effective charge carriers while it was decreased at a specific higher temperature for each film. The observed activation energy for CP4, CP8 and CP10 were 0.431, 0.610 and 0.425 eV, respectively. These properties showed that the films were promising materials to be employed for conducting properties.

A convenient ultrasound assisted synthesis of new anti-bacterial N-benzylidene-N'-(1-methyl-2, 2-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-2λ6-benzo[c][1,2]thiazin-4-ylidene)-hydrazines from methyl anthranilate is reported. Methyl anthranilate was reacted with methane sulfonyl chloride, followed by N-alkylation and subsequent base catalyzed cyclization. Hydrazinolysis of the cyclized products followed by their ultrasound mediated condensations with different benzaldehydes yielded the title compounds. Some of these compounds showed good anti-bacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus.